Nice qanhari dirham of Abdallah II (c.900 CE), Habbarid Amirs in Sindh, India

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La ilah illa / Allah wahdahu / la sharik lahu ("There is no God but Allah alone, no partner to him") // Muhammad / rasul / Allah al-Amir / 'Abd Allah ("Muhammad is the messenger of God, Amir Abd Allah"). 11mm, 0.61 grams. Shahada issue, mint 3. G/G #AS2; Fishman/Todd (2018) #HS24. 

Abdallah II was probably the son of Amir Muhammad. He minted coins in "Mint 2" and "Mint 3" and his reign can be tentatively dated to the first half of the 10th century AD. This coin is an early issue (their style quickly became cruder and cruder) and in full size.

The Habbarid amirs of Sindh were an Arab dynasty that ruled parts of Sindh (in present-day Pakistan) from around 854 to the early 11th century. They descended from 'Umar bin Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari, an Arab settler who rose to power following the decline of Abbasid control in the region. Although they nominally recognized the Abbasid caliphate, the Habbarids ruled independently from their capital at Mansura, promoting trade and urban development. Their reign saw the Islamization of Sindh and the integration of Arab and local cultures. The dynasty issued its own coinage and maintained commercial ties with the wider Islamic world. The Habbarids were eventually overthrown by Mahmud of Ghazni around 1026, marking the end of Arab rule in Sindh and the beginning of Ghaznavid domination.


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