Bust right, wearing Satrapal hat // Crude Brahmi legend Rājño Mahākṣatraparamādaivabhaktasa Madasena Śrī Śarvva Bhaṭṭārakasa (“(of) Madasena, Rāja Mahākṣatrapa and King and High Priest of Śarvva, devotee of the supreme deity”) around Shiva's trident. 13mm, 1.79 grams. Mint in S-E Kathiawar, struck ca. late 430s-440s, Todd/Fishman "The Silver Coinage of the Gupta Empire
and Associated States in Western India" (2024) #E2 (type S11d).

The late issues of Madasena were extremely crude, nearly always struck with very large dies on small flans, revealing only a small portion of the design.

These coins were long assumed to belong to the Maitrakas, for the lack of a better attribution. An extensive study by Todd and Fishman in "The Silver Coinage of the Gupta Empire and Associated States in Western India" (2024) revised the old readings of the legends on the trident coins and proposed that, contrary to popular opinion, they were neither issues of the Maitrakas nor of a postulated but historically unattested “Śarvva” dynasty”. The legends on these coins identify Madasena as being staunchly of the Śaivite faith and show him moving from vassalage to independent rule, although he must have owed some degree of allegiance to the Gupta empire.
Madasena, who is named on all the trident coins, was the son of the last great Western Kṣatrapa ruler Rudrasiṁha III and governed a kingdom in south-eastern Kathiawar that Todd/Fishman called "the Second Kṣatrapa Kingdom", and enjoyed a lengthy reign of over three decades from about 415 CE. Madasena probably died around 450 CE, late in the reign of Kumāragupta I and before Kathiawar was taken by Skandagupta, who installed Parṇadatta its governor. The Mumbai region (where Madasena also minted coins in the old Kshatrapa style) was likely lost earlier, by the early 440s. The Maharashtran lands of the Second Kṣatrapa Kingdom were likely annexed by the Traikūṭakas, another branch of the Western Kṣatrapa family which is discussed elsewhere in this work.