Al-Sultan / bin al-Sultan Ghiyas / al-dunya wa ud-din abu' / l muzaffar Mahmud  Shah // al-Sultan bin / Husein Shah al-Sultan / Khalad Allah mulkahu wa sultanahu, Fathabad. Fathabad mint, undated. 25mm, 10.42 grams. "The coins of the Indian Sultanates" B931.

Ghiyas ud-Din Mahmud Shah was the last independent sultan of the Bengal Sultanate, ruling from 1532 to 1538 during a period of intense political pressure in eastern India. A member of the Husain Shahi dynasty, he inherited a weakened state and faced the rising power of the Afghan leader Sher Shah Suri, whose military campaigns steadily encroached on Bengal. Despite attempts to maintain autonomy, Mahmud Shah was unable to effectively resist these advances, and in 1538 Bengal fell to Sher Shah, bringing an end to independent sultanate rule. His brief reign thus marks the final phase of Bengal’s sovereignty before its incorporation into the expanding Sur Empire and, soon after, the Mughal sphere.