{"product_id":"early-ar-damma-of-abdallah-ii-mid-900s-habbarid-sindh-medieval-india-f-t-hs24","title":"Early AR damma of Abdallah II (mid-900's), Habbarid Sindh, medieval India (F\/T#HS24)","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e La ilah illa \/ Allah wahdahu \/ la sharik lahu\u003c\/em\u003e (\"There is no God but Allah alone, no partner to him\") \/\/ \u003cem\u003eMuhammad \/ rasul \/ Allah al-Amir \/ 'Abd Allah\u003c\/em\u003e (\"Muhammad is the messenger of God, Amir Abdallah\"). 11mm, 0.53 grams. Shahada issue, mint 3. G\/G #AS2; Fishman\/Todd (2018) #HS24.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAbdallah II was probably the son of Amir Muhammad. He minted coins in \"Mint 2\" and \"Mint 3\" and his reign can be tentatively dated to the first half of the 10th century AD. This coin is an early issue (their style quickly became cruder and cruder) and in full size.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Emirate of Sindh emerged in the early 8th century after the Umayyad conquest of Sindh led by Muhammad ibn Qasim around 711. Initially governed as a province of the Umayyad Caliphate and later the Abbasids, the region gradually evolved into a semi-independent Muslim-ruled state centered on cities like Mansura. Arab and local elites governed a culturally diverse population, blending Islamic administration with existing Indian traditions. By the 9th and 10th centuries, Abbasid control weakened, and local dynasties such as the Habbarids effectively ruled autonomously until the region was eventually overtaken by new powers, including the Ghaznavid Empire in the early 11th century.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"NumisMallstore","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51169344946491,"sku":"x11615-60816","price":8.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0447\/1750\/6710\/files\/w60816.jpg?v=1776182208","url":"https:\/\/www.numismall.com\/products\/early-ar-damma-of-abdallah-ii-mid-900s-habbarid-sindh-medieval-india-f-t-hs24","provider":"NumisMall","version":"1.0","type":"link"}